Sally Hemings Her Relationship With Thomas Jefferson

Sally Hemings Her Relationship With Thomas Jefferson An important note on terms: the term mistress refers to a woman who lived with and was sexually involved with a married man. It does not always imply that the woman did so voluntarily or was completely free to make the choice; women through the ages have been pressured or forced into being mistresses of powerful men. If it was true and examine the evidence outlined below that Sally Hemings had children by Thomas Jefferson, it is also undoubtedly true that she was enslaved by Jefferson (for all but a brief time in France) and that she had no legal ability to choose whether or not to have a sexual relationship with him. Thus, the often-used meaning of mistress in which the woman chooses to have a relationship with a married man would not apply. In the Richmond Recorder in 1802, James Thomson Callendar first began to publicly allege that Thomas Jefferson kept one of his slaves as his concubine and fathered children with her. The name of SALLY will walk down to posterity alongside Mr. Jeffersons own name, Callendar wrote in one of his articles on the scandal. Who Was Sally Hemings? What is known of Sally Hemings? She was a slave owned by Thomas Jefferson, inherited through his wife Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson (October 19/30, 1748 - September 6, 1782) when her father died. Sallys mother Betsy or Betty was said to be the daughter of a black slave woman and a white ship captain; Betsys children were said to have been fathered by her owner, John Wayles, making Sally a half-sister of Jeffersons wife. From 1784, Sally apparently served as a maid and companion of Mary Jefferson, Jeffersons youngest daughter. In 1787, Jefferson, serving the new United States government as a diplomat in Paris, sent for his younger daughter to join him, and Sally was sent with Mary. After a brief stop in London to stay with John and Abigail Adams, Sally and Mary arrived in Paris. Why Do People Think Sally Hemings Was Jefferson's Mistress? Whether Sally (and Mary) lived at the Jefferson apartments or the convent school is uncertain. What is fairly certain is that Sally took French lessons and may also have trained as a laundress. What is certain is that in France, Sally was free according to French law. What is alleged, and not known except by implication, is that Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings began an intimate relationship in Paris, Sally returning to the United States pregnant, Jefferson promising to free any of her (their) children when they reached the age of 21. What little evidence there is of a child born to Sally after her return from France is mixed: some sources say the child died quite young (the Hemings family tradition). What is more certain is that Sally had six other children. Their birth dates are recorded in Jeffersons Farm Book or in letters he wrote. DNA tests in 1998, and a careful rendering of the birth dates and Jeffersons well-documented travels puts Jefferson at Monticello during a conception window for each of the children born to Sally. The very light skin and the resemblance of several of Sallys children to Thomas Jefferson were remarked upon by a good number of those who were present at Monticello. Other possible fathers were either eliminated by the 1998 DNA tests on male-line descendants (the Carr brothers) or dismissed because of internal inconsistencies in the evidence. For example, an overseer reported seeing a man (not Jefferson) coming from Sallys room regularly but the overseer did not start working at Monticello until five years after the time of those visits. Sally served, probably, as a chambermaid at Monticello, also doing light sewing. The affair was revealed publicly by James Callender after Jefferson refused him a job. There is no reason to believe she left Monticello until after Jeffersons death when she went to live with her son Eston. When Eston moved away, she spent her last two years living on her own. There is some evidence that he asked his daughter, Martha, to give Sally her time, an informal way to free a slave in Virginia which would prevent the imposition of the 1805 Virginia law requiring freed slaves to move out of the state. Sally Hemings is recorded in the 1833 census as a free woman. Bibliography Sally Hemings: Redefining History. A video from AE/Biography: Here is the complete story of the woman at the center of the first presidential sex scandal. (DVD or VHS)Jeffersons Secrets: Death and Desire in Monticello.  Andrew Burstein, 2005.  (compare prices)Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy: Annette Gordon-Reed and Midori Takagi, reprint 1998.  (compare prices)Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson: History, Memory, and Civic Culture: Jan Lewis, Peter S. Onuf, and Jane E. Lewis, editors, 1999.  (compare prices)Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History: Fawn M. Brodie, trade paperback, reprint 1998.A President in the Family: Thomas Jefferson, Sally Hemings, and Thomas Woodson: Byron W. Woodson, 2001.(compare prices)Sally Hemings: An American Scandal: The Struggle to Tell the Controversial True Story.  Tina Andrews, 2002.Anatomy of a Scandal: Thomas Jefferson and the Sally Story.  Ã‚  Rebecca L. McMurry, 2002.The Jefferson-Hemings Myth: An American Trave sty.  Ã‚  The Thomas Jefferson Heritage Society, Eyler Robert Coates Sr., 2001 The Jefferson Scandals: A Rebuttal.  Ã‚  Virginus Dabs, Reprint, 1991.Jeffersons Children: The Story of an American Family.  Shannon Lanier, Jane Feldman, 2000.   For young adults.Sally Hemings: Barbara Chase-Riboud, reprint 2000. Historical fiction.

Your Work Adds Value †Start Pricing It That Way

Your Work Adds Value – Start Pricing It That Way When I began to inquire about a cleaning service – you know, someone to clean my house so I could have two hours of my life back – I was floored with the going rate. The going rate for cleaning toilets (in my area) is $80 per hour. You want clean laundry? Much more. This made me reflect on how experts not only price their services, but whether they believe they offer something of value. This isnt to say cleaning for a living doesnt deserve to be paid. It sure does. But writing for a living is worth at least that, dont you think? If you search online for the going rate of freelance writers, youll be disappointed. Those rates are false. If you accept that $30 an hour for a writing project is fair, youd be better off cleaning toilets for a living. How do you counteract the low fees as a professional writer? Quality clients First, realize you should only accept the clients who will agree to your rates. Clients have to have a substantial marketing budget. Theres a reason why cleaning services are typically used Charge per project Second, drop the hourly rate. When your plumber is working on a task, are you watching the clock and seeing $100 fly out the window every hour? Dont do that to clients. Give them a set project fee, which corporate clients prefer. Dont cheapen your skill Appreciate your value Third, develop confidence in your rates. Dont leave room for negotiation Say no Finally, say no more often. The more work you accept at insulting rates, thats additional work you could lose at better rates. Weed through the undesirable, cheap paying clients. Set yourself up as an expert. Produce quality work and enhance your portfolio. The more quality clients you choose to work with, the more youll believe youre worth every penny. Realize that you will always be surrounded

No topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 76

No topic - Essay Example The ideological difference between the Asian drama and the western drama shows a perfectly structured media system in terms of respect for the culture and citizenship as a whole. This research paper explains concepts necessary for understanding of media of globalization and citizenship. Korean Wave (and Korea Herald articles): Korean wave as a global concept plays a very vital role in the understanding of the media of globalization. This is because as a media personality, comparing and contrasting the various views regarding Korean wave as international concept. Significance of the Korean wave additionally brings in the notion of globalization culturally in inter-Asian cultural studies (p.50). Per se, understanding of media of globalization and citizenship requires outstandingly unique and worldly accepted concepts. The Korean Wave presents such uniquely required concepts especially in looking at this cultural media of globalization and citizenship. Korean wave concept liberally presents the concepts of racial proximity, cultural proximity and their limitations. This implies that media of globalization and citizenship is a conglomerate mass media concept which should be an important part of

EU Law - Incidental Direct effect and indirect effect Essay

EU Law - Incidental Direct effect and indirect effect - Essay Example GB Open Search has a contract with the Ministry of Science and Technology to install the fibre optic cable. The issue regarding Martin follows EU passing a directive (fictitious) on the right of all residents to high speed broadband by January 2014. This directive includes the duty to replace all existing broad band connections with modern connections to the new fibre optic system.1 It is to be implemented by member states by July 2013. UK uses a statutory instrument to implement the directive that says â€Å"all connections within private buildings will be replaced with modern connections†. The connections are being changed by a subcontractor Sparky Limited who has been given the discretion as to how it will complete the job as long as the job is completed by December 2013. 1 J. Fairhurst, Law of the European Union (London: Pearson Longman, 2009), 22. Sparky Limited has been given details of all current broadband users in order to contact them and change the connections. Mart in who has a small IT business leases part of a building used by a local secondary school for his business which is a public building. Sparky refuses to replace the connection on grounds that they were only contracted to replace connections in private buildings. ... The direct effect of regulations in EU law can be applied. Under EU law Article 2492 and Euratom 161 regulations and the final decisions usually have a straight impact and no federal legislation is in most cases needed in order to effect them. The regulation on replacement of copper wires to fibre optic network by the EU cannot be transposed by the UK. Regulations can be termed as the legal formulated acts that gives the EU permission to encroach on the member state’s legal systems and because of the power of the EU, the laws will apply in all Member States. UK has no rightful power to use the regulation in part. 3 In the case of Martin the EU passes a directive on the right of all residents to high speed broadband by January 2014. Under EU law Martin can apply the vertical direct effect of directives against the UK government for not implementing the directive properly and the horizontal direct effect of directives against Sparky Limited for refusing to connect him with the _ ___________________________ 2 Article 249 EU 3 Leonesio v Italian Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry [1973] Case 93/71 p. 352 high speed broad band. Directives differ from regulations as they are not generally applicable. The directive becomes national law when it has been fully implemented within the time frame The EU directive obliges the UK to transpose the requirements of the directive into national law to implement it choosing how and the form to implement it. In this respect, the UK used a statutory instrument to implement the directive by saying â€Å"all connections within private buildings will be replaced with modern connections† Martin has a case because the directive was not properly implemented. The Principle of Direct Effect and its applicability Direct applicability

Components of atmosphere Essay Example for Free

Components of atmosphere Essay The main components of atmosphere are almost invariant. However, the content of water vapor is an exception that it varies with the changing of location, season and time. Oxygen and water vapor plays a significant role on the processes of atmospheric corrosion. Therefore, atmospheric corrosion can be classified in the following three categories: Dry corrosion Damp corrosion Wet corrosion Component Percent/% Component Percent/% Component Percent/% Atmosphere 100 H2O. Components of atmosphere (Impurity excluded, 10? ) 2. 1 Dry corrosion In the absence of significant water vapor, many common metals develop films of oxide. In the presence of traces of gaseous pollutants, copper, silver and other non-ferrous metals undergo film formation which is known as tarnishing. The tarnishing of silver in air is well-known. Tarnishing by hydrogen sulfide may be retarded by moisture if present in very small amounts. 2. 2 Damp Corrosion Damp corrosion would occur only when the relative humidity reaches 70% which is considered generally as the critical value for the onset of corrosion. The precise level of critical humidity varies with the type of contaminants, such as dust and salt particles, and the composition of metals. For instance, in the presence of marine salts corrosion is stimulated at lower values of relative humidity. The difference between the damp and wet environment is very narrow and it is more representative of a climatic condition rather than the magnitude of corrosion. Damp environments promote the corrosion of most metals. Water saturated with dissolved gases, such as CO2, H2S and SO2, cause severe corrosion of iron and steels, copper, nickel, silver and other non-metallic materials and alloys. For example, silver loses its luster and develops a tarnished film of sulfide on coming in contact with H2S, and copper develops tints and becomes black. In agricultural areas abundance of ammonia, particularly during the rainy seasons, subjects copper fittings to seasonal cracking and causes serious damage to water distribution systems. 2. 3 Wet Corrosion This is the most frequently observed form of atmospheric corrosion, where the water layers or pockets are formed on the metal surface, and the metal surface remains constantly in contact with water. The rate of corrosion would depend on the solubility of the corrosion product. Higher solubility means a higher rate of corrosion, because the dissolved ions increase the electrolytic conductivity. In case of alternate dry and wet conditions, the dry corrosion product film may absorb moisture from the air which increases the rate of corrosion of the metal by bringing the moisture in contact with the metal surface. Patina formation on copper, such as brochantite, and corrosion of iron and steel structures are common examples of corrosion caused by wet atmosphere.

A Trip to Paradise :: Vacations Travel Essays

A Trip to Paradise If I had no limits as to how much I could spend on a vacation, I would take a trip to different cities in Mexico. My dads side of the family is Latino and many of my relatives live in Mexico. My month long trip would consist of a variety of cities I have visited before and others that I would be visiting for the first time. I would take advantage of Mexicos rich culture by participating in the peoples customs and getting as much experience as possible. The trip would be very meaningful because my heritage is something that I am very proud of and passionate about. My permanent residence is in Bettendorf, Iowa and the closest airport is in Moline, Illinois. Unfortunately flights dont leave the Quad City Airport for Guadalajara, my first stop, so Ive decided to take a limousine from Bettendorf to Chicago, which would roughly take two and a half hours. Although the limo ride would cost around two hundred dollars, it would be well worth it because I would not be paying OHare Airport to park there for a month. I checked out three websites to obtain airplane ticket information: Expedia.com, CheapTickets.com, and Orbitz.com. All were extremely useful except for Orbitz.com which wanted me to create an account. This discouraged me from spending anymore time at this site. Expedia.com and CheapTickets.com were very easy to use, but were crammed with different advertisements. Despite the clutter, the sites loaded fairly fast. All of the websites included times for departure, length of flight, cost, which airports used, and airlines used. I also found a va riety of different flights taking me to the cities I wanted to visit: first class, coach, direct flights, round trip, one- way, etc. Overall, my search for a plane ticket was successful. My next obstacle was finding hotels to stay in when I wouldnt be staying with relatives. It was difficult trying to find hotels by checking their sites, so I searched city sites which proved to be more successful. Fortunenatey these websites were not packed with different ads. Hotels ranged from one to five star and cost between twenty and one thousand eight hundred dollars per night. Some were all inclusive while others didnt even have swimming pools! They gave information on addresses, policies, and different packages. I used Google.com and MSN.com search engines to find the different cities websites (Gomanzanillo.

Leaders in the Local Church Essay

Lay leaders can simply be defined as persons chosen from the congregation by ordained leaders to serve as helpers performing such duties as may be delegated or assigned to them in accordance to their church ordinances. More and more ministers are finding themselves weighed down by the demands of the ministry. They are thus unable to be effective in meeting the changing needs of their flock. This has created a need to have different other people taking off some of the less sensitive responsibilities from the ordained clergies’ hands. The concept of lay leadership is however not just a modern day phenomenon; it is deeply rooted in the Bible. Deuteronomy 1:9-13 gives an account in which Moses appoints leaders to take off from him some of the responsibilities that were threatening to overwhelm him. Similarly in the book of 1 kings 19:19, Elijah acquires an attendant in the person of Elisha to serve as a helper in his duties as a prophet. The Apostle Paul also surrounded himself with spiritual people like Timothy and Titus to mention a few to whom he delegated different duties in his mission to preach the good news to the gentiles. The clearest illustration of the significance of lay leadership is however to be found in the New Testament book of the Acts of the Apostles Chapter 6 form verse 1 onwards. In this account, the Apostles as well as the entire group found it wise to appoint seven Godly men to take over responsibilities that were important but did not warrant the attention of the Apostles. In this paper, different lessons will be gleaned from the above scriptures and many others to help in the understanding of the issue at hand. Church leaders are different from either organizational or political leaders and only leaders who seek God’s grace and lead by the grace of the Almighty will be able to maintain the Satan inflicted jolts that characterize today’s ministry of the word of God. 1 The church is undergoing enormous statistical growth but the same is not being experienced in discipleship. Leadership of the church requires individuals who are able to rise above their individual capacities and seek Gods guidance. Shallow leadership is the reason why the church today is struggling to meet the seemingly insurmountable challenges. 2 The church needs godly leaders who are able to fully submit to Jesus Christ and be in complete communion with the Creator. Leaders, who can be disciple makers, honor God and be able to fulfill His Will. There are times when Gods reassuring gift in leadership is obviated making the leadership journey long, arduous, bumpy and jerky akin to rides across rocky mountains. At times the leadership might seem long, dry and desolate often punctuated with seasons when we feel that our leadership is devoid of Gods assistance. It is these experiences that call for insistence on Gods reassuring grace and guidance. Developing leadership in the church is no mean treat as it not only requires leaders to develop a strong rapport with the creator for their own souls but also for the souls of the followers of Christ. God’s spirit reassures, inspires, instructs and guides leaders in the Church as they take that long arduous journey to sainthood and spiritual maturity as our creator commanded. However, it is not easy to develop leaders in the church without succinctly analyzing the philosophy of spiritual leadership. Through, spiritual instruction, God used criticism of leadership or trials to stimulate spiritual revival or to inspire fresh visionary leadership for the future ministry of the word of God. The Biblical desert trek under the leadership of Moses was such an instance when God used the desolate desert to create new frontiers in leadership. By working through the hands of servant leaders, a new vision is created to circumvent, surmount or wade through the challenges required in developing a spiritual oversight and even in building new teams in the church. 1 ii. Importance of Leadership Development Strategies for Training Leaders in the Local Church. Training leaders in the church is an ongoing process that cannot be done haphazardly. It requires a leadership development strategy that helps in identifying, recruiting and training potential lay leaders in any church. The health, the growth and the success of any church or its local branches is solely dependent on the availability of effective and efficient church leadership program that not only inspires the congregation to spiritual; maturity but also discovers and builds the innate potentials of leadership and service in others. Consistency in training of lay leaders may well determine the level of growth and spiritual well being of entire churches. Humanistic philosophies permeate from our culture and these in turn affect the strategies we use in developing leadership in churches. These humanistic philosophies spread a desire that we should be whoever we want to be. Contrarily, God disdains such attempts and instead calls upon humanity to be as his only begotten Son Christ was. This means that good leadership is not a result of a personal ambition but a Godly desire that can only be achieved when leaders are trained to act as our Creator instructed us to act. That is why good leaders can only be shepherds but not saviors; they can only be leaders but not lords and guides to the congregation but not gods of the people of God. 1 In the book of Acts of the Apostles chapter 6, the process of choosing the seven men was done prayerfully and the chosen men were dependable men filled with the spirit. It is important therefore that the process follow the biblical example. Otherwise, when leadership strategies in the church deviate from the Gods commands and instructions on good leadership and instead focus on improving on human efforts alone, spiritual leaders achieve positions of worldly power but not the grace of God. Strategies for leadership should only train leaders to carry out their spiritual obligations as a reflection of what Christ wanted. It is testament today guidelines for church leadership are being drawn from secular platforms without a succinct review of the Christian authoritative text for standard protocols for servant leadership. Because of this reason church leaders are being removed from a worldly instituted office and recycled in various capacities that are only temporary in nature while ideally spiritual leaders are lifetime learners who are obligated by the scriptures to offer lifetime guidance to the flock. It is only by the grace of the Lord that leaders can be able to learn and consequently act as leaders with a spiritual disposition that is created only by the Holy Spirit. In this stride, spiritual leaders should be confident in God but not exhibit self confidence, they should not only know men but also know God. In making decisions they should seek Gods will and not solely rely on their own human capability in making decisions. In Spiritual leadership by J. Oswald Sanders, spiritual leaders should be able to humble in leadership and not be overly ambitious, they should never seek personal rewards but they should love God and other with all their powers. One who enjoys command, treasures independent leadership and creates his own methods of leadership can only be said to be driven by fleshly ambitions. On the other hand, Godly leaders delight in their obedience to God and follow His instructions while shunning the lusts of the flesh. They do not treasure independence in leadership but tend to depend in God and follow His examples.