primark - 2357 Words

A critical analysis of Primark AREA OF STUDY Primark is a company which sells clothing, accessory, shoes and home products. Its first store opened in Dublin in 1969 and expanded significantly in the later years. In 1973, Primark moved into Great Britain and now have 152 stores in the UK (Primark company website, 2010). Primark as one of the important clothing retailers in the UK, overtaking Asda and became the NO1 low price retailer in 2009 (Hall, 2009). Children clothing are become more and more important in the recent years because the country s fertility rate booms (Askbaby, 2010). Primark increased its market share in the children clothing which could help in boosting the whole sale (Fletcher, 2007). According to Smithers,†¦show more content†¦The reasons for Primark’s choose can be explain as follow: Firstly, the birth rate in UK are increasing which push the population grow (Jones, 2009). This means there would have more and more young generation in the UK in future years. Secondly, Primark focuses on the fast fashion which is very popular among young customers. Many retailers, such as Primark’s competitors, TOPSHOP and HM are working hard to get key catwalk trends from the drawing board to the shelves as quickly as possible (BBC NEWS, 2004). Thirdly, Primark choose a differentiated marketing. Instead of follow its competitors’ strategic, for example, Asda George selling cheap clothing to its targe t customers below 25 years old and MS selling more expensive clothing to customer who beyond 40 years old. Primark not only sell cheap price but also fashionable clothing in order to be more competitive (Independent, 2007). Then, I would explain the segmentation criteria used in targeting these markets. Firstly, Primark use world region in targeting its market in geographic. Although all the retailer shops for Primark are still in Europe countries, there are still have different strategic from counties to counties. The IRISH TIME (2000) pointed out that the UK market is very different to the Irish one and so Primark identified a need for expansion. Secondly, Primark use several sections in demography in targeting markets, such as ageShow MoreRelatedPrimark Essay2701 Words   |  11 PagesPrimark Retail 1. Introduction of Primark. ï  ¬ Background Our research purpose Primark, which was build up in Ireland, is one of the fast fashion leaders in the UK retail market. The all 181 stores spread over Ireland, Spain, and the UK. The competitive advantage of the group is producing volume clothes and selling them in cheap price. Primark sell different catalogue product, women clothing, men clothing, shoes, accessories, baby clothing, children clothing, underwear, swimwear and nightwearRead MorePrimark Analysis1496 Words   |  6 Pagesï ¿ ¼ INTRODUCTION Primark is an Irish clothing brand, with over 200 stores over the world in countries such as Ireland, United Kingdom, Germany, Spain, Portugal, Netherlands or Belgium. It is considered one of the most important ‘fast fashion’ leaders in the UK retailing market. Its main and notable differentitive key points is producing large volume of clothing and selling them at a very cheap price. It has several lines to cover as many targets as possible such as women clothing, men clothing, shoesRead MorePrimark Case Study4613 Words   |  19 PagesFEBRUARY 2009 MBA Semester 1 Technology and Management in the Information Age PRIMARK [pic] LIST OF GROUP MEMBERS |Surname |First Name |Student ID Number | | | | | | | | Read MorePest Analysis of Primark Stores Ltd2438 Words   |  10 PagesOrganisations And Environment PEST Analysis On Primark Stores Ltd Contents Introduction 1 Economic Factors 1-2 Technological Factors 2-3 Social Factors 3-4 Political FactorsRead MorePrimark Structural and Organisation Report1707 Words   |  7 PagesPerformance: Page 6Company Information: Pages 7Consolidated Income Statement: Page 8Consolidated Balance Sheet: Page 9Company Balance Sheet: Page 10Bibliography: Page 11Managerial Finance Report: Primark Stores LimitedIntroductionPrimark Stores Limited is a subsidiary of Associated British Foods PLC, and Primark has become a well established family name in recent years. It has set a benchmark for many companies to follow in a segment of the market labelled the value sector. The company was founded toRead MorePrimark3530 Words   |  15 PagesPrimark Case Study Contents: 1: Exclusive Summary 2: Brand Introduction 3: Task 1: Target Market 4: Task 2: Environmental Analysis 5: Task 3: Growth Strategies With Respect To 6: Task 5: Poster Design For Advertising Campaign 7: Task 7: Ethics 8: Appendix 9: Reference Exclusive Summary: This marketing report will provide an integrated marketing campaign for Primark to expand its businesses to Boston, the USA, and Milan, Italy. It will use relevant marketing theories and strategies,Read MorePrimark3404 Words   |  14 PagesBU7702 ASSIGNMENT2 Introduction: This report explains about marketing concept, its important and critically evaluates the nature, role and vale of marketing activities of Primark retail store. Marketing concept is an ever learning and never ending concept. Marketing plays a vital role in any organization’s success. The concept of marketing is being redefined all the time. In early days people used to think the function of marketing is nothing but the establishment of contact between the sellerRead MorePrimark4421 Words   |  18 Pagescosts are lower. For example, Primark work with a variety of manufacturers from around the world to provide consumers with what they want. In this report, we are proposing a  £1 million investment to expand Primark’s retail operations into the France market. This expansion involves establishing retail store in key location across France, building distribution Centre, introducing online retail platforms. COMPANY DESCRIPTION Brief description of the Company PRIMARK is a leading retail and one ofRead MoreCeecee Case Study Analysis9518 Words   |  39 PagesTwiggy and musician Danny Minogue, to raise the company’s profile. | Supplier Source | MS uses an open supplier to source their products. | PENNEYS | Objectives | Primark is a retail group in the value sector, recognised in some well-developed European countries. First established in 1969 as Penneys in Mary St (Dublin), Primark Stores Limited is a subsidiary of Associated British Foods (ABF). Its key business goal is to provide what the public needs in a good quality, low price way. They planRead MorePrimark and Oxfam2330 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿Primark and Oxfam Marketing Purpose and Techniques Contents Introduction____________3 Oxfam________________4 Primark_______________7 Charts Tables _______10 Appendix_____________12 Introduction This report is based on the marketing techniques/ skills of Primark and Oxfam based on their products/services. Before we can understand the effectiveness of the marketing techniques, we have investigated both companies

The s Their Eyes Were Watching God By Zora Neale Hurston

Societal standards are set in place so one can stay inside the box. But what happens when the boundaries begin to be pushed open and torn down? It has been discovered through many classic novels and historical events that alienation can occur as a result of these broken barriers. By definition, alienate means â€Å"to cause (someone) to stop being friendly, helpful, etc., towards you† (Merriam-Webster). This is a major factor in Zora Neale Hurston’s, Their Eyes Were Watching God. Hurston is able to grasp the moral values and societal standards of gender and race in an African American society in the early 1900’s perfectly. She does this through her subjective alienation and psychological progression of the main character, and protagonist, Janie. Most directly, Janie was alienated by her Grandmother. Janie sought after a natural and passionate relationship with a man from the beginning, believing that marriage was the only option for a young woman such as herself. Throughout her journey she desired a perfect relationship. She thought that a mutual love would quench her desire, while her grandmother sought for her merely a good man, which caused resentment to arise inside Janie. â€Å"Please don’t make me marry Mr. Killicks†¦ Lemme wait, Nanny, please, jus’ a lil bit mo,† ( Hurston 15). Her Grandmother forced upon her a marriage she did not want. â€Å"Neither can you stand lone by yo’self,† a statement that her grandmother made quite evident (Hurston 15). It is from her grandmother that sheShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Zora Neale Hurston s The Eyes Were Watching God Essay1690 Words   |  7 PagesIntersectionality is the study of identity that looks at how different aspects of identity intersect with each other to form specific and differing experiences of oppression. Zora Neale Hurston deals with the intersection of race and gender through the story of Janie in Their Eyes Were Watching God. However, rather than seeing the way in which Hurston deals with this intersection, the author Richard Wright claims, â€Å"The sensory sweep of her novel carries no theme, no message, no thought. In the main, her novelRead MoreAnalysis Of Zora Neale Hurston s The Eyes Were Watching God 2388 Words   |  10 PagesZora Neale Hurston grew up in a predominantly African American town and because of how she grew up, she did not experience the segregation and prejudice that other African Americans felt in their daily lives until she moved from her hometown at a much older age. Because her community was predominantly colored, she grew up embracing her ethnicity instead of learning she should feel ashamed of her ethnicity and the white people surrounding her had more worth. Hurston, shows in her works Their EyesRead MoreZora Neale Hurston s Their Eyes Were Watching God1913 Words   |  8 Pagesas Janie uses her experience with the pear tree to compare each of her relationships, but it is not unti l Tea Cake that she finds â€Å"a bee to her bloom.† (106). The aim of this essay is to critically examine the pear tree in Zora Neale Hurston’s â€Å"Their eyes were watching God.† Furthermore, how it influenced Janie, and the term pear tree will be used in its broadest sense to refer to love. The significance of the pear tree for Janie reflects the view of love, nature, sexuality, been seen as aRead MoreAnalysis Of Zora Neale Hurston s Their Eyes Were Watching God1429 Words   |  6 Pagesthreatened by the undermining of their power, and one of these men committed a heinous act in order to suppress efforts to achieve equal rights for women. The concept of sexism embedded within the basis of society is reflected in Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God. Hurston’s Reconstruction era tale centers on Janie, a character who attempts to find her own identity in a social structure that seeks to find it for her. The sexism underscores the struggles Janie must face in order to growRead MoreAnalysis Of Pico Iyer s The Eyes Were Watching God By Zora Neale Hurston1984 Words   |  8 Pagespeople. In his TED talk, Pico Iyer, discusses these questions about home, which aids in formulating a definition. One of his definitions is the place â€Å"where you find yourself,† which corresponds to the discussion of home in Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston (Iyer). The broadness of the definition makes it difficult to pin-point one location or person. Through Janie’s experience, a home for her is a place where she has a voice. This is paramount for Janie as it allows her to vocalizeRead More Zora Neale Hurston and Racial Equality Essay1284 Words   |  6 PagesZora Neale Hurston and Racial Equality       On September eighteenth, nineteen thirty-seven, Their Eyes Were Watching God, one of the greatest novels of this century, was published. It was met with mixed reviews. The major (white) periodicals found it enjoyable and simple, while black literary circles said it carries no theme, no message (Wright,1937). These evaluations are not mutually exclusive, but rather demonstrate the conception of Hurstons work as telling whites what they want to hearRead MoreJody Starks s All Of The Men1716 Words   |  7 PagesAs we can see Janie is using her voice to defend herself against what Jody Starks says to her, but Janie embarrasses Jody in front of all of the men because of what she says about Jody. This is the first time in the novel that Hurston gives Janie a voice/agency because usually Janie stays quiet and keeps her thoughts to herself. As the novel evolves Janie finally begins to gain a sense of voice and agency and gains the ability to be able to speak up for what she wants bec ause in the beginning ofRead MoreTheir Eyes Were Watching God1571 Words   |  7 PagesZora Neale Hurston and her novel Their Eyes Were Watching God During the Harlem Renaissance, African Americans experience a cultural exposure in literature art. It was a period of great achievement in African-American art and literature during the 1920s and 1930s. This surge gave birth to several authors, playwrights and dramatists, such as Zora Neale Hurston. Zora Neale Hurston is now considered among the foremost authors of that period, having published four novels, three nonfiction works, andRead MoreTheir Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston988 Words   |  4 PagesZora Hurston was an African American proto-feminist author who lived during a time when both African Americans and women were not treated equally. Hurston channeled her thirst for women’s dependence from men into her book Their Eyes Were Watching God. One of the many underlying themes in her book is feminism. Zora Hurston, the author of the book, uses Janie to represent aspects of feminism in her book as well as each relationship Janie had to represent her movi ng closer towards her independenceRead MoreTheir Eyes Were Watching By Zora Hurston1172 Words   |  5 PagesThe book their eyes were watching was written by Zora Hurston, and she tells the life story of a girl named Janie. It starts off with a metaphor explaining that women are the type to chase their dreams and even when it seems they can never accomplish it they never lose sight of it. Men on the other type to have dreams but instead of chasing like how Zora says women do they want their dream to come to them. The book is a frame narrative being and told by Zora but switches from Janie s point of view

Power Play Sport, the Media and Popular Culture free essay sample

Book Review Power Play: Sport, the Media and Popular Culture â€Å"Sport needs, attracts and must deal with money and power and the backers will always be looking to buy or take their share of the glory. How are we to police the line between the realms of power and play, economic space and social space? † (Goldblatt, 2007, as cited in Boyle Haynes, 2009). Power Play: Sport, the media and popular culture is written by Raymond Boyle and Richard Haynes (2009) and takes a deep look at the central role media plays in the life of sport. These â€Å"sports fans and media academics,† (pg. ix, Boyle Haynes, 2009) discuss how millions of fans around the world invest financially and emotionally into sport and its competitors and how the media play a central and crucial role in portraying and supplying information to the public. Different sports play an important role in the cultural life of countries and people and the media now, more than ever, has taken sport deep into the worlds of business and politics. We will write a custom essay sample on Power Play: Sport, the Media and Popular Culture or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This book is broken down into three sections which look in particular at the political economy of media sport; the relationship between sport, media and identity formations of gender, race and nation; and the consumption of sport and the role of audiences in the communication process. Television, sport and sponsorship are what is referred to by these authors as ‘a sporting triangle. ’ The authors take a look at the complex relationship which has evolved at the centre of national and international sport and how now more than ever, this relationship drives the shape and development of sporting contests. Boyle and Haynes (2009), state that â€Å"professional sport today relies mostly on commercial sponsorship and money from the sale of television rights for its financial survival,† (pg. 45). They are supported by Polley (1998) and Holt (1989) how argue that sponsorship of sport and athletes has always been present, just not the scale that it is today. They mention even as far back as the first modern Tour de France using the race to promote a local newspaper L’Equipe (Holt, 1989). Companies choose to sponsor sports and athletes for different reasons. They could be looking to achieve an increase in public profile of that company as well as increasing public awareness of the product or services that the company offers. With this view Boyle and Haynes (2009), discuss Whitson (1998) who focuses on North American sport from the early 1980s and he demonstrates the links and the evolution between professional sport and the media industries from the 80s to the 90s. Whitson declares that during this time there was an increase in the media corporations not only providing the television channel to deliver the sport but also owning the sports clubs involved. â€Å"Through vertical integration media corporations can control both distribution and content,† (Boyle Haynes, 2009, pg. 48). The Olympics are arguably the world’s largest sporting events and the relationship between broadcasters, companies and sponsors has developed over time with the constant increase in satellite and video technology. Television networks fought to secure the rights to screen these events and this lead to excessive amounts of money being spent. Organisers soon realised that after the â€Å"spiral in television fees were levelling out,† (Boyle Haynes, 2009, pg 53), they would need to target alternative sources of revenue. This is where companies such as Coca-Cola, McDonald’s and Visa began their sponsorship of the Olympics in LA, 1984. With this review of the sponsorship and the Olympics, Boyle and Haynes (2009) conclude that the LA games â€Å"were a celebration of corporate capitalism, an arena where human activity was transformed into an economic process that fuelled the consumption of corporate goods and services. Sport has become synonymous with corporate image, television entertainment and consumer capitalism and, for sponsors and marketers, global sporting events will never be the same again,† (pg. 53). Mediated sport is constantly saturated with ideas, images and values which often reflect, construct and challenge attitudes which filter through wider society. â€Å"The issues around media representations are fundamentally about power and status in society. A community’s or individual’s ability to feel themselves represented accurately in media discourse is in part related to assumptions about the power of the media to shape and change public opinion,† (Jarvie, 1991, as cited in Boyle Haynes, 2009, pg. 108). The authors here use particular examples of British athletes whose media portrayal has influenced the opinion of the public. After the bombings and the attempted bombings of London in 2005, British boxer Amir Khan of Pakistani background, was shown under a new light by the media, one which was very different to that when he was in the 2004 Olympics. He rose to fame in the Athens Olympics winning a silver medal at the age of 17 and received a warm welcome when he returned to his home town in England. A year later and two days after the London bombing, he fought his first professional bout. This came just after London police had announced that the four suspects of the bombings were British citizens of Pakistani origin. According to the authors and Burdsey, (2007), â€Å"the media coverage of his first professional fight was delivered in the context of the London bombings and the wider crisis in the ideology of multiculturalism that exists in the shadow cast by such horrific events,† (pg. 113). The reaction of Khan to this event and the media coverage of his comments and boxing display was one that the authors call a â€Å"public display of Britishness,†(pg. 13). Several public statements affirming his British Muslim identity were made and a Union Jack stitched together with the Pakistan flag were displayed. Burdsey (2007) agrees with the authors that â€Å"Khan’s emerging career in boxing had come at a critical conjuncture in identity politics in the UK and coming from the arena of sport opened up interesting vistas from which to analyse how the pl ay of historical events and the processes of inter-cultural exchange impact on debates of race, ethnicity and national identity,† (cited in Boyle Haynes, 2009, pg. 13). Race, ethnicity and national identities are connected deeper in the roles of media than other issues. Boyle and Haynes (2009) conclude this section of the book saying that more accurate and sensitive treatment by the media is needed around the issues of race and ethnicity but this â€Å"may remain difficult to achieve given the at time too cosy relationship between the media and sporting industries,† (pg. 120). Continuing on from race and ethnicity in sport, the next section looks at the differences of gender representation in sport and society by the media. The authors begin by mentioning that women’s participation in sport has been obstructed on many levels throughout the history of modern sport. Messner (2007) agree with the authors and states that while there are growing participation rates in sport by women, a change has not really been reflected in the media coverage of women in sport. Men and women and their stereotypes are looked at most frequently through sport than any other public domain and this differentiation of physical prowess is confirmed by the disproportionate media treatment of men’s sports over women’s sport (Boyle Haynes, 2009; Creedon, 1994; Bernstein, 2002). The authors looked at lots of research done looking at the amount of media coverage of women’s sport, in particular noting Smith’s (1995) research which indicated about 3% of the total sports news and images were those about female athletes and sports. Over a decade later, these statistics were found to be quite similar (King, 2007). Furthering on from this discussion and from a US perspective, Tuggle et al. 2007) looked at the coverage of female athletes at the 2004 Olympics and suggested that although the coverage overall of women was more than fair given their medal success and participation rates, â€Å"typically for female athletes to garner media coverage, even in the Olympics, they must be involved in socially acceptable individual sports rather than in team sports. Women who take part in sports involving either power or hard body contact are particularly unlikely to receive media coverage, (Tuggle et al. , 2007, as cited in Boyle and Haynes, 2009, pg. 127). The authors can see that there is slowly a change coming in the way female sports are represented in the media. They consider the differences between that success and power for both genders in sport and the stereotypes that have been created overtime can only be changed depending on the media portrayal. There are numerous amounts of books describing the relationship between sport and the media and this book provides a substantial summary to what I think to be some key ideas and issues relating to this topic. Starting by looking at the history between media and sport helped me to develop an opinion regarding the theme of the book. Being a British book, it was always going to look at things from mainly a British perspective but I believe that the authors should have contrasted issues regarding media and sport in England to similar issues in other countries, not just the USA. The authors referred to many other authors and researchers but I found that those they referenced were always backing up their original opinions. I would have liked to have read more opinions opposing their ideas and then seeing how Boyle and Haynes could further disprove the other theories. The final section of the book discusses that with the ever changing world we live in, it will always be difficult to predict future developments between the media and sporting industries. Boyle and Haynes conclude and summarise that â€Å"despite various trials and tribulations, sport’s historical relationship with the media has largely been one of mutual benefit,† (pg. 222). Simply, the broadcast media have helped create truly national and international sporting events and in the process given access to millions of people, consumers and citizens. By doing this the media has dictated what sports should be shown and how they should be presented. Professional Statement * The perceptions and attitudes toward female and male athletes from the public are very different depending on the way the media portray them. * Issues of race, ethnicity and national identities are present in every country and the different ways the media represents stories affect the opinions and views of the public and their cultural stance. * Money and sponsorship within the context of sport influences choices made by businesses, athletes, viewers and the public. After reading this book and thinking about the concepts and ideas raised, I believe that in my future profession as a teacher I will consider the role media plays in developing opinions in my students. As a PE, health and outdoor education teacher, I am aware of the issues that can be raised in my classes, particularly concerning gender and identity in sport. Everyone should have an equal opportunity and I will be sure to discuss the positives and negatives affecting the students’ opinions of media and sport in the community. References Berstein, A. (2002) Is it time for a victory lap? Changes in the media coverage of women in sport,’ International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 37 (3-4), 415-28. Burdsey, D. (2007) ‘Role with the punches: the construction and representation of Amir Khan as a role model for multiethnic Britain,’ Sociological Review, 55 (3), 611-31. Creedon, P. (1994) Women, Media and Sport: Challenging the Order. London: Sage. Goldblatt, D. (2007). ‘Taking sport seriously,’ Prospect, No. 141, December. Holt, R. (1989) Sport and the British. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Jarvie, J. (1991) ‘Sport, racism and ethnicity,’ in G. Jarvie (ed. ), Sport, Race and Ethnicity. London: Falmer. King, C. (2007) ‘Media portrayals of male and female athletes: a text and picture analysis of British national newspaper coverage of the Olympic Games since 1948,’ International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 42 (2), 187-99. Messner, M. A. (2007) Out of Play: Critical Essays on Gender and Sport. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. Polley, M. (1998) Moving the Goalposts: A history of Sport and Society since 1945. London: Routledge. Smith, S. J. (1995) ‘Women, Sport and the British Press: The Under-representation of Sporting Females. ’ Unpublished BA (Hons) Film and Media Studies dissertation, Stirling, University of Stirling. Tuggle, C. A. , Huffman, S. Rosengrad, D. (2007) ‘A descriptive analysis of NBC’s coverage of the 2004 Summer Olympics,’ Journal of Sports Media, 2 (1), 54-75. Whitson, D. (1998) ‘Circuits of promotion: media, marketing and the globalization of sport,’ in L. A. Wenner (ed. ), MediaSport. London: Routledge.

When John Stienbeck Translated The Tales Of King Arthur He Realized Th

When John Stienbeck translated the tales of King Arthur he realized that he needed to maintain the elements of human nature that appeared through out the original stories. There are many examples of human nature in the sections of the book that we have read, there are good and bad aspects of human nature portrayed through the book and I will only mention a few. One example is when King Arthur tells the Lady of the Lake that he will do anything that she wants in exchange for the sword Excalibur. It is human nature to be quick to promise things when there is something important to us in exchange. We are more likely to do what ever it takes in order to get something we really "need". It is very rare for people to think before they act in situations like this; it seems that there are no consequences in times like these. People aren't only quick to promise things though, we are also very quick to judge things and people as well. An example of that from the book is when Balin asks to try to pull the sword from Lady Lyles' cloak, she refuses him at first because she thinks he looks like a peasant. To her " No person who looks like a peasant could be noble enough to conquer such a glorious task." Then, the sense of other people led her to let him try, and he pulled the sword, like she thought he couldn't. " Don't judge a book by its cover." One good thing in this book that relates to human nature, is people's willingness to stand up for their friends and people they care about. All through the book people are avenging their brother's or father's death. While that's not quite the case to day, people always try to get people back for the wrongs they have done. Whether it is through the legal system or through illegal activities, people are rarely afraid to avenge the unjust death of a loved one. Human nature is every where in this book, making promises without thinking of the consequences, being quick to judge, and "avenging" loved ones, are just a few. Human nature has many good and bad forms through this book. But I hope the general human nature is good.

Sally Hemings Her Relationship With Thomas Jefferson

Sally Hemings Her Relationship With Thomas Jefferson An important note on terms: the term mistress refers to a woman who lived with and was sexually involved with a married man. It does not always imply that the woman did so voluntarily or was completely free to make the choice; women through the ages have been pressured or forced into being mistresses of powerful men. If it was true and examine the evidence outlined below that Sally Hemings had children by Thomas Jefferson, it is also undoubtedly true that she was enslaved by Jefferson (for all but a brief time in France) and that she had no legal ability to choose whether or not to have a sexual relationship with him. Thus, the often-used meaning of mistress in which the woman chooses to have a relationship with a married man would not apply. In the Richmond Recorder in 1802, James Thomson Callendar first began to publicly allege that Thomas Jefferson kept one of his slaves as his concubine and fathered children with her. The name of SALLY will walk down to posterity alongside Mr. Jeffersons own name, Callendar wrote in one of his articles on the scandal. Who Was Sally Hemings? What is known of Sally Hemings? She was a slave owned by Thomas Jefferson, inherited through his wife Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson (October 19/30, 1748 - September 6, 1782) when her father died. Sallys mother Betsy or Betty was said to be the daughter of a black slave woman and a white ship captain; Betsys children were said to have been fathered by her owner, John Wayles, making Sally a half-sister of Jeffersons wife. From 1784, Sally apparently served as a maid and companion of Mary Jefferson, Jeffersons youngest daughter. In 1787, Jefferson, serving the new United States government as a diplomat in Paris, sent for his younger daughter to join him, and Sally was sent with Mary. After a brief stop in London to stay with John and Abigail Adams, Sally and Mary arrived in Paris. Why Do People Think Sally Hemings Was Jefferson's Mistress? Whether Sally (and Mary) lived at the Jefferson apartments or the convent school is uncertain. What is fairly certain is that Sally took French lessons and may also have trained as a laundress. What is certain is that in France, Sally was free according to French law. What is alleged, and not known except by implication, is that Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings began an intimate relationship in Paris, Sally returning to the United States pregnant, Jefferson promising to free any of her (their) children when they reached the age of 21. What little evidence there is of a child born to Sally after her return from France is mixed: some sources say the child died quite young (the Hemings family tradition). What is more certain is that Sally had six other children. Their birth dates are recorded in Jeffersons Farm Book or in letters he wrote. DNA tests in 1998, and a careful rendering of the birth dates and Jeffersons well-documented travels puts Jefferson at Monticello during a conception window for each of the children born to Sally. The very light skin and the resemblance of several of Sallys children to Thomas Jefferson were remarked upon by a good number of those who were present at Monticello. Other possible fathers were either eliminated by the 1998 DNA tests on male-line descendants (the Carr brothers) or dismissed because of internal inconsistencies in the evidence. For example, an overseer reported seeing a man (not Jefferson) coming from Sallys room regularly but the overseer did not start working at Monticello until five years after the time of those visits. Sally served, probably, as a chambermaid at Monticello, also doing light sewing. The affair was revealed publicly by James Callender after Jefferson refused him a job. There is no reason to believe she left Monticello until after Jeffersons death when she went to live with her son Eston. When Eston moved away, she spent her last two years living on her own. There is some evidence that he asked his daughter, Martha, to give Sally her time, an informal way to free a slave in Virginia which would prevent the imposition of the 1805 Virginia law requiring freed slaves to move out of the state. Sally Hemings is recorded in the 1833 census as a free woman. Bibliography Sally Hemings: Redefining History. A video from AE/Biography: Here is the complete story of the woman at the center of the first presidential sex scandal. (DVD or VHS)Jeffersons Secrets: Death and Desire in Monticello.  Andrew Burstein, 2005.  (compare prices)Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy: Annette Gordon-Reed and Midori Takagi, reprint 1998.  (compare prices)Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson: History, Memory, and Civic Culture: Jan Lewis, Peter S. Onuf, and Jane E. Lewis, editors, 1999.  (compare prices)Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History: Fawn M. Brodie, trade paperback, reprint 1998.A President in the Family: Thomas Jefferson, Sally Hemings, and Thomas Woodson: Byron W. Woodson, 2001.(compare prices)Sally Hemings: An American Scandal: The Struggle to Tell the Controversial True Story.  Tina Andrews, 2002.Anatomy of a Scandal: Thomas Jefferson and the Sally Story.  Ã‚  Rebecca L. McMurry, 2002.The Jefferson-Hemings Myth: An American Trave sty.  Ã‚  The Thomas Jefferson Heritage Society, Eyler Robert Coates Sr., 2001 The Jefferson Scandals: A Rebuttal.  Ã‚  Virginus Dabs, Reprint, 1991.Jeffersons Children: The Story of an American Family.  Shannon Lanier, Jane Feldman, 2000.   For young adults.Sally Hemings: Barbara Chase-Riboud, reprint 2000. Historical fiction.

Your Work Adds Value †Start Pricing It That Way

Your Work Adds Value – Start Pricing It That Way When I began to inquire about a cleaning service – you know, someone to clean my house so I could have two hours of my life back – I was floored with the going rate. The going rate for cleaning toilets (in my area) is $80 per hour. You want clean laundry? Much more. This made me reflect on how experts not only price their services, but whether they believe they offer something of value. This isnt to say cleaning for a living doesnt deserve to be paid. It sure does. But writing for a living is worth at least that, dont you think? If you search online for the going rate of freelance writers, youll be disappointed. Those rates are false. If you accept that $30 an hour for a writing project is fair, youd be better off cleaning toilets for a living. How do you counteract the low fees as a professional writer? Quality clients First, realize you should only accept the clients who will agree to your rates. Clients have to have a substantial marketing budget. Theres a reason why cleaning services are typically used Charge per project Second, drop the hourly rate. When your plumber is working on a task, are you watching the clock and seeing $100 fly out the window every hour? Dont do that to clients. Give them a set project fee, which corporate clients prefer. Dont cheapen your skill Appreciate your value Third, develop confidence in your rates. Dont leave room for negotiation Say no Finally, say no more often. The more work you accept at insulting rates, thats additional work you could lose at better rates. Weed through the undesirable, cheap paying clients. Set yourself up as an expert. Produce quality work and enhance your portfolio. The more quality clients you choose to work with, the more youll believe youre worth every penny. Realize that you will always be surrounded

No topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 76

No topic - Essay Example The ideological difference between the Asian drama and the western drama shows a perfectly structured media system in terms of respect for the culture and citizenship as a whole. This research paper explains concepts necessary for understanding of media of globalization and citizenship. Korean Wave (and Korea Herald articles): Korean wave as a global concept plays a very vital role in the understanding of the media of globalization. This is because as a media personality, comparing and contrasting the various views regarding Korean wave as international concept. Significance of the Korean wave additionally brings in the notion of globalization culturally in inter-Asian cultural studies (p.50). Per se, understanding of media of globalization and citizenship requires outstandingly unique and worldly accepted concepts. The Korean Wave presents such uniquely required concepts especially in looking at this cultural media of globalization and citizenship. Korean wave concept liberally presents the concepts of racial proximity, cultural proximity and their limitations. This implies that media of globalization and citizenship is a conglomerate mass media concept which should be an important part of

EU Law - Incidental Direct effect and indirect effect Essay

EU Law - Incidental Direct effect and indirect effect - Essay Example GB Open Search has a contract with the Ministry of Science and Technology to install the fibre optic cable. The issue regarding Martin follows EU passing a directive (fictitious) on the right of all residents to high speed broadband by January 2014. This directive includes the duty to replace all existing broad band connections with modern connections to the new fibre optic system.1 It is to be implemented by member states by July 2013. UK uses a statutory instrument to implement the directive that says â€Å"all connections within private buildings will be replaced with modern connections†. The connections are being changed by a subcontractor Sparky Limited who has been given the discretion as to how it will complete the job as long as the job is completed by December 2013. 1 J. Fairhurst, Law of the European Union (London: Pearson Longman, 2009), 22. Sparky Limited has been given details of all current broadband users in order to contact them and change the connections. Mart in who has a small IT business leases part of a building used by a local secondary school for his business which is a public building. Sparky refuses to replace the connection on grounds that they were only contracted to replace connections in private buildings. ... The direct effect of regulations in EU law can be applied. Under EU law Article 2492 and Euratom 161 regulations and the final decisions usually have a straight impact and no federal legislation is in most cases needed in order to effect them. The regulation on replacement of copper wires to fibre optic network by the EU cannot be transposed by the UK. Regulations can be termed as the legal formulated acts that gives the EU permission to encroach on the member state’s legal systems and because of the power of the EU, the laws will apply in all Member States. UK has no rightful power to use the regulation in part. 3 In the case of Martin the EU passes a directive on the right of all residents to high speed broadband by January 2014. Under EU law Martin can apply the vertical direct effect of directives against the UK government for not implementing the directive properly and the horizontal direct effect of directives against Sparky Limited for refusing to connect him with the _ ___________________________ 2 Article 249 EU 3 Leonesio v Italian Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry [1973] Case 93/71 p. 352 high speed broad band. Directives differ from regulations as they are not generally applicable. The directive becomes national law when it has been fully implemented within the time frame The EU directive obliges the UK to transpose the requirements of the directive into national law to implement it choosing how and the form to implement it. In this respect, the UK used a statutory instrument to implement the directive by saying â€Å"all connections within private buildings will be replaced with modern connections† Martin has a case because the directive was not properly implemented. The Principle of Direct Effect and its applicability Direct applicability

Components of atmosphere Essay Example for Free

Components of atmosphere Essay The main components of atmosphere are almost invariant. However, the content of water vapor is an exception that it varies with the changing of location, season and time. Oxygen and water vapor plays a significant role on the processes of atmospheric corrosion. Therefore, atmospheric corrosion can be classified in the following three categories: Dry corrosion Damp corrosion Wet corrosion Component Percent/% Component Percent/% Component Percent/% Atmosphere 100 H2O. Components of atmosphere (Impurity excluded, 10? ) 2. 1 Dry corrosion In the absence of significant water vapor, many common metals develop films of oxide. In the presence of traces of gaseous pollutants, copper, silver and other non-ferrous metals undergo film formation which is known as tarnishing. The tarnishing of silver in air is well-known. Tarnishing by hydrogen sulfide may be retarded by moisture if present in very small amounts. 2. 2 Damp Corrosion Damp corrosion would occur only when the relative humidity reaches 70% which is considered generally as the critical value for the onset of corrosion. The precise level of critical humidity varies with the type of contaminants, such as dust and salt particles, and the composition of metals. For instance, in the presence of marine salts corrosion is stimulated at lower values of relative humidity. The difference between the damp and wet environment is very narrow and it is more representative of a climatic condition rather than the magnitude of corrosion. Damp environments promote the corrosion of most metals. Water saturated with dissolved gases, such as CO2, H2S and SO2, cause severe corrosion of iron and steels, copper, nickel, silver and other non-metallic materials and alloys. For example, silver loses its luster and develops a tarnished film of sulfide on coming in contact with H2S, and copper develops tints and becomes black. In agricultural areas abundance of ammonia, particularly during the rainy seasons, subjects copper fittings to seasonal cracking and causes serious damage to water distribution systems. 2. 3 Wet Corrosion This is the most frequently observed form of atmospheric corrosion, where the water layers or pockets are formed on the metal surface, and the metal surface remains constantly in contact with water. The rate of corrosion would depend on the solubility of the corrosion product. Higher solubility means a higher rate of corrosion, because the dissolved ions increase the electrolytic conductivity. In case of alternate dry and wet conditions, the dry corrosion product film may absorb moisture from the air which increases the rate of corrosion of the metal by bringing the moisture in contact with the metal surface. Patina formation on copper, such as brochantite, and corrosion of iron and steel structures are common examples of corrosion caused by wet atmosphere.

A Trip to Paradise :: Vacations Travel Essays

A Trip to Paradise If I had no limits as to how much I could spend on a vacation, I would take a trip to different cities in Mexico. My dads side of the family is Latino and many of my relatives live in Mexico. My month long trip would consist of a variety of cities I have visited before and others that I would be visiting for the first time. I would take advantage of Mexicos rich culture by participating in the peoples customs and getting as much experience as possible. The trip would be very meaningful because my heritage is something that I am very proud of and passionate about. My permanent residence is in Bettendorf, Iowa and the closest airport is in Moline, Illinois. Unfortunately flights dont leave the Quad City Airport for Guadalajara, my first stop, so Ive decided to take a limousine from Bettendorf to Chicago, which would roughly take two and a half hours. Although the limo ride would cost around two hundred dollars, it would be well worth it because I would not be paying OHare Airport to park there for a month. I checked out three websites to obtain airplane ticket information: Expedia.com, CheapTickets.com, and Orbitz.com. All were extremely useful except for Orbitz.com which wanted me to create an account. This discouraged me from spending anymore time at this site. Expedia.com and CheapTickets.com were very easy to use, but were crammed with different advertisements. Despite the clutter, the sites loaded fairly fast. All of the websites included times for departure, length of flight, cost, which airports used, and airlines used. I also found a va riety of different flights taking me to the cities I wanted to visit: first class, coach, direct flights, round trip, one- way, etc. Overall, my search for a plane ticket was successful. My next obstacle was finding hotels to stay in when I wouldnt be staying with relatives. It was difficult trying to find hotels by checking their sites, so I searched city sites which proved to be more successful. Fortunenatey these websites were not packed with different ads. Hotels ranged from one to five star and cost between twenty and one thousand eight hundred dollars per night. Some were all inclusive while others didnt even have swimming pools! They gave information on addresses, policies, and different packages. I used Google.com and MSN.com search engines to find the different cities websites (Gomanzanillo.

Leaders in the Local Church Essay

Lay leaders can simply be defined as persons chosen from the congregation by ordained leaders to serve as helpers performing such duties as may be delegated or assigned to them in accordance to their church ordinances. More and more ministers are finding themselves weighed down by the demands of the ministry. They are thus unable to be effective in meeting the changing needs of their flock. This has created a need to have different other people taking off some of the less sensitive responsibilities from the ordained clergies’ hands. The concept of lay leadership is however not just a modern day phenomenon; it is deeply rooted in the Bible. Deuteronomy 1:9-13 gives an account in which Moses appoints leaders to take off from him some of the responsibilities that were threatening to overwhelm him. Similarly in the book of 1 kings 19:19, Elijah acquires an attendant in the person of Elisha to serve as a helper in his duties as a prophet. The Apostle Paul also surrounded himself with spiritual people like Timothy and Titus to mention a few to whom he delegated different duties in his mission to preach the good news to the gentiles. The clearest illustration of the significance of lay leadership is however to be found in the New Testament book of the Acts of the Apostles Chapter 6 form verse 1 onwards. In this account, the Apostles as well as the entire group found it wise to appoint seven Godly men to take over responsibilities that were important but did not warrant the attention of the Apostles. In this paper, different lessons will be gleaned from the above scriptures and many others to help in the understanding of the issue at hand. Church leaders are different from either organizational or political leaders and only leaders who seek God’s grace and lead by the grace of the Almighty will be able to maintain the Satan inflicted jolts that characterize today’s ministry of the word of God. 1 The church is undergoing enormous statistical growth but the same is not being experienced in discipleship. Leadership of the church requires individuals who are able to rise above their individual capacities and seek Gods guidance. Shallow leadership is the reason why the church today is struggling to meet the seemingly insurmountable challenges. 2 The church needs godly leaders who are able to fully submit to Jesus Christ and be in complete communion with the Creator. Leaders, who can be disciple makers, honor God and be able to fulfill His Will. There are times when Gods reassuring gift in leadership is obviated making the leadership journey long, arduous, bumpy and jerky akin to rides across rocky mountains. At times the leadership might seem long, dry and desolate often punctuated with seasons when we feel that our leadership is devoid of Gods assistance. It is these experiences that call for insistence on Gods reassuring grace and guidance. Developing leadership in the church is no mean treat as it not only requires leaders to develop a strong rapport with the creator for their own souls but also for the souls of the followers of Christ. God’s spirit reassures, inspires, instructs and guides leaders in the Church as they take that long arduous journey to sainthood and spiritual maturity as our creator commanded. However, it is not easy to develop leaders in the church without succinctly analyzing the philosophy of spiritual leadership. Through, spiritual instruction, God used criticism of leadership or trials to stimulate spiritual revival or to inspire fresh visionary leadership for the future ministry of the word of God. The Biblical desert trek under the leadership of Moses was such an instance when God used the desolate desert to create new frontiers in leadership. By working through the hands of servant leaders, a new vision is created to circumvent, surmount or wade through the challenges required in developing a spiritual oversight and even in building new teams in the church. 1 ii. Importance of Leadership Development Strategies for Training Leaders in the Local Church. Training leaders in the church is an ongoing process that cannot be done haphazardly. It requires a leadership development strategy that helps in identifying, recruiting and training potential lay leaders in any church. The health, the growth and the success of any church or its local branches is solely dependent on the availability of effective and efficient church leadership program that not only inspires the congregation to spiritual; maturity but also discovers and builds the innate potentials of leadership and service in others. Consistency in training of lay leaders may well determine the level of growth and spiritual well being of entire churches. Humanistic philosophies permeate from our culture and these in turn affect the strategies we use in developing leadership in churches. These humanistic philosophies spread a desire that we should be whoever we want to be. Contrarily, God disdains such attempts and instead calls upon humanity to be as his only begotten Son Christ was. This means that good leadership is not a result of a personal ambition but a Godly desire that can only be achieved when leaders are trained to act as our Creator instructed us to act. That is why good leaders can only be shepherds but not saviors; they can only be leaders but not lords and guides to the congregation but not gods of the people of God. 1 In the book of Acts of the Apostles chapter 6, the process of choosing the seven men was done prayerfully and the chosen men were dependable men filled with the spirit. It is important therefore that the process follow the biblical example. Otherwise, when leadership strategies in the church deviate from the Gods commands and instructions on good leadership and instead focus on improving on human efforts alone, spiritual leaders achieve positions of worldly power but not the grace of God. Strategies for leadership should only train leaders to carry out their spiritual obligations as a reflection of what Christ wanted. It is testament today guidelines for church leadership are being drawn from secular platforms without a succinct review of the Christian authoritative text for standard protocols for servant leadership. Because of this reason church leaders are being removed from a worldly instituted office and recycled in various capacities that are only temporary in nature while ideally spiritual leaders are lifetime learners who are obligated by the scriptures to offer lifetime guidance to the flock. It is only by the grace of the Lord that leaders can be able to learn and consequently act as leaders with a spiritual disposition that is created only by the Holy Spirit. In this stride, spiritual leaders should be confident in God but not exhibit self confidence, they should not only know men but also know God. In making decisions they should seek Gods will and not solely rely on their own human capability in making decisions. In Spiritual leadership by J. Oswald Sanders, spiritual leaders should be able to humble in leadership and not be overly ambitious, they should never seek personal rewards but they should love God and other with all their powers. One who enjoys command, treasures independent leadership and creates his own methods of leadership can only be said to be driven by fleshly ambitions. On the other hand, Godly leaders delight in their obedience to God and follow His instructions while shunning the lusts of the flesh. They do not treasure independence in leadership but tend to depend in God and follow His examples.

The Current Housing Crisis in Maryland

Abstract The current housing crisis in Maryland has devastated much of the inner city of Baltimore and surrounding counties. The economic collapse of 2008 has left many Maryland residences unemployed or underemployed. The direct impact of the economic collapse has left homeowners wondering how they will pay their mortgages and keep food on the table. Maryland homeowners have been struggling to make ends meet. Some of the issues that are being faced have to do with the predatory lending practices of some mortgage lenders. President Obama signed an agreement to bailout some banks in hope to spare families from losing their homes.Those hopes did not pan out well. There was another bailout of $25 billion dollars allotted in Feb 2012 to help homeowners and reduce mortgages to the principal home values. Thus far the mortgage industry has done as little as possible to hold up their end of that bargain. We need to get educated and hold these predatory lenders accountable. The Current Housing Crisis in Maryland By a show of hands, how many people are in a financially challenging situation with paying their mortgage? Do you know that you may very well be a victim of predatory lending practices?You may be asking yourself what is predatory lending. Some of us are familiar with the term. For those who are not, I will explain what a predatory lender is and the effect they have had on our communities. Predatory lenders and the tactics they use to originate loans with unsophisticated buyers are unfair. We now have predatory legal and rescue services popping up everywhere with the defense that they are here to help us. I intend to provide you with information to free legal services and information to assist in the fight to hold the mortgage lenders accountable for what they are doing.I am a Baltimore City resident who is upside down in my mortgage. I owe more on my home than it is worth in today’s market. I am currently in the fight to have my mortgage lender do what is right by lowering my principle home value to a fair market price. I currently owe double what my home is worth. Many of us are upside down, have high interest rates or are currently in foreclosure. We are looking for relief from the banks that don’t seem to care much about where our families will sleep once we lose our homes. We need to embarrass them for the way they are treating minorities and low-moderate income families.Predatory lending practices are a huge contributing factor in the current economic crisis. Many families lost income and the home values have been declining drastically. Saving our homes from foreclosure is the main focus of many families in Maryland. I intend on exposing predatory lending practices that homeowners may not be aware of. The lack of strong regulations in Maryland has allowed unscrupulous mortgage lenders to take advantage of unsophisticated homeowners. Predatory lending has had a devastating effect on individuals and families.The term  "predatory lending† has been used to describe a broad range of loans that are not common in the prime market. These loans do not offer any benefit to the borrower. Some of the most common predatory practices are: †¢Excessive fees and points †¢Ignoring borrower’s ability to repay †¢Balloon payments †¢Interest only loans †¢Excessive interest rates †¢Concealing the true cost of the loan Federal regulators have warned banks that non-traditional mortgages such as interest-only loans may lead to a rash of defaults when the principal must be paid or interest rates increase.With such loans, the homeowners are not paying towards the principal on the loan, only the interest. Interest rate increases could have a devastating effect on the mortgage payment monthly. Adjustable rates have the same devastating effect on homeowners. The interest rate is not guaranteed and could fluctuate greatly on a per month basis. With adjustable mortgage loan terms home owners have no clue on what the loan would eventually cost them. This lending practice is a â€Å"set up to fail† proposition. Underemployment and lack of employment has been the peripheral nail in the coffin for many Maryland families.Many families have lost at least one household income and a few have lost both incomes. Income loss combined with the volatile housing market has crushed the American Dream for many homeowners. People who were able to find work after economic crisis, had to take drastic pay cuts which were not adequate to support their current needs. With the economic downturn families are left to pay for homes they cannot afford. This crisis occurred when the mortgage bubble burst. Many homes were being sold for much more than their fair market value.Once the bubble burst the home value depreciation was steep and sharp. People lost 20-40% of the equity in their homes. Although there are many programs available to help homeowners, the majority of them are unabl e to help homeowners who are under water on the mortgage due to the lost equity in their homes. Some foreclosures are voluntary. When the bubble burst, homeowners found themselves owing 100,000s more than the homes were worth. Those homeowners decided that paying off the mortgage was indeed a bad deal. So they just walked away from the properties.The new dagger in homeowners back is the rise in property taxes. The city government needs money so they have raised the taxed values of homes to bring in more money regardless if the home values are decreasing. Homeowners are losing their homes because their mortgage payments did not include an escrow for homeowners insurance and taxes. Once a homeowner becomes delinquent on their property taxes, they have to pay the past due amount in addition to the current amount due. For the Maryland residence that find themselves in foreclosure, please seek assistance sooner than later.Maryland laws do not demand that you are notified of the Intent to foreclose. Within your originating loan documents you signed either a â€Å"power of sale† or â€Å"assent to decree† which essentially is an ex parte order to sell your property if you are in default. In addition, the predatory lenders make it impossible to become current again once the mortgage is in default. They can add servicing fees such as late fees, force placed insurance, inspection fees, etc. to make it difficult to bring the account current. We as homeowners have the right to stay in our homes.Homes we have cared for over the years. The banks should not have the right to evict us without improving the foreclosure process so we have better and earlier notice and the opportunity to redeem prior to significant costs being incurred. They should reduce the loan principle to the fair market value, adjust interest rates and reevaluate the financial situation of the homeowners. The mortgage industry did a disservice to many of the homeowners in the room. Many of us were uninformed about the repercussions and pitfalls involved with interest only, variable rates and balloon payment loans.Predatory lending practices contributed directly to the economic crisis of the mortgage industry in Maryland. I would like to provide information to several pro bono legal services and housing resources: Pro Bono Resources Center of Maryland. (410)837-9379 or toll free (800)396-1274 www. probonomd. org 1. Civil Justice, Inc. www. civiljusticenetwork. org 2. Public Justice Center (410) 625-9409 for tenants who landlords are in foreclosure 3. Community Law Center (410) 366-7777 www. communitylaw. org 4. Maryland Hope (877) 462-7555 www. mdhope. dhcd. maryland. gov 5.Foreclosure Proceedings in Maryland (Brochure): http://www. msba. org/departments/commpubl/publications/brochures/foreclosure. htm There has been an ongoing investigation into the banking fraud and predatory lending scandal. President Obama signed another bailout of $25 billion dollars in Feb 2012 to help homeowners and reduce principle mortgage values. The bailout involved Bank of America, Citigroup, Wells Fargo, Ally Financial and JPMorgan Chase. Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae have yet to come on board however they do offer some homeowner assistance with modification of term and underwater loans.Many look at the bailout as another opportunity to reward the banks for the wrong doing they have done to the citizens and many communities. I was able to look at the bigger picture. This is a way to monitor how many loans are modified and how many principle values are reduced. By providing the bailout this time around there were defined stipulations as to what the funds are to be used for. North Carolina’s Banking Commissioner Joseph Smith will serve as the â€Å"independent monitor† to enforce the deals and their terms. The bailout does very little for the people who have already lost their homes. They are eligible to receive up to $2000.

Macbeth Character Analysis

Macbeth Character Analysis Free Online Research Papers The play Macbeth is about the character Macbeth, but not just because it is his name, he is an interesting person. Macbeth is the thane of Glamis and Scottish general who is told that he will be king by three witches. He kills King Duncan to bring the prophecy to fruition. He deals with a lot of self conflict because he is not comfortable with his decision to kill King Duncan, and later on Banquo. Macbeth and Banquo are confronted by three old witches, and they tell them of how Macbeth will become King. At first both are skeptical, but after the first part of the prediction comes true they begin to believe. This element of foreshadowing leads Macbeth to believe he must kill King Duncan. He is very uneasy with this thought, and even says that it makes him sick. In a soliloquy, Macbeth reveals that he is too kind hearted to commit such a crime. After coming to the conclusion that he must kill King Duncan in order to become king, he informs his wife in a letter of this news. She immediately feels that he should kill the king. She tries to persuade Macbeth to do the deed. This puts more pressure and stress on Macbeth. He starts to hallucinate and imagine a floating dagger. Macbeth commits the murder and becomes the next king. All seems well so far, because Macbeth is celebrating and seems happy. Macbeth starts to become paranoid now that he has King Duncan’s blood on his hands. Realizing that the witches predicted Banquo’s sons to be king after him, he starts to think maybe Banquo’s sons will do him the same way he did Duncan. He also knows that Banquo is a smart man and it wont take him long to figure out what he has done. These thoughts create a very nervous Macbeth. Macbeth sets a meeting with murderers. In this meeting he tells them that Banquo was responsible for King Duncan’s death. He orders them to kill Banquo along with his son, who is said to be the next king by the witches. This shows how desperate Macbeth has become. The murderers return to Macbeth with news of their success. They inform him that they killed Banquo, but his son had escaped. The news of Banquo’s escaped son does not go well with Macbeth. Macbeth is at a dinner when something very unusual happens. A ghost of Banquo is at the dinner sitting in his chair. Macbeth starts yelling and is terrified from the sight of his old recently deceased friend sitting in his chair. He is the only one that can see this ghost. The guests of the dinner are concerned that the king is not well. His wife tells him that he should not be afraid, because it is his fear that causes him to see such frightening things. The ghost appears once again only to show just how uneasy the new king is. Macbeth is essential to this story simply because it revolves around him and the events in his complicated life. The witches inference caused Macbeth a great deal of trouble. They tell him future events that man should never find out ahead of time. This made Macbeth contemplate on the king’s murder, only to create some major self conflict. His wife was there to help him make the decision. Without her, he might not have had the courage or confidence to kill a king. Macbeth kills the king, but not before his hallucinations start. Macbeth becomes king, but with it comes paranoia and suspicion of his friend Banquo. He has his friend killed and attempts to have his son killed also. This only causes more hallucinations for the already anxious king. I feel that this was very interesting story; if there is a change to make it more interesting, I don’t know what it is. Research Papers on Macbeth Character AnalysisComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoBringing Democracy to AfricaCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionCapital PunishmentAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XWhere Wild and West MeetHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsHonest Iagos Truth through Deception

US Government Study Guide to the Legislative Branch

US Government Study Guide to the Legislative Branch Before any bill is even debated by the full membership of the House or Senate, it must first successfully make its way the  congressional committee system. Depending on its subject and content, each proposed bill is sent to one or more related committees. For example, a bill introduced in the House allocating federal funds for agricultural research might be sent to the Agriculture, Appropriations, Ways and Means and Budget Committees, plus others as deemed appropriate by the Speaker of the House. In addition, both the House and Senate may also appoint special select committees to consider bills relating to specific issues.Representatives and Senators often try to be assigned to committees they feel best to serve the interests of their constituents. For example, a representative from a farming state like Iowa might seek assignment to the House Agriculture Committee. All representatives and senators are assigned to one or more committees and may serve on a variety of committees durin g their terms in office. The  congressional committee system  is the burial ground for many bills. The US House of Representatives Known as the lower house of the legislative branch, the House of Representatives currently has 435 members. Each member gets one vote on all bills, amendments and other measures brought before the House. The number of representatives elected from each state is determined by the states population through the process of apportionment. Each state must have at least one representative. Apportionment is recalculated every ten years according to the results of the decennial U.S. census. Members of the House represent the citizens of their local congressional districts. Representatives serve two-year terms, with elections held every two years. Qualifications As specified in Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution, representatives: Must be least 25 years of ageMust have been a U.S. citizen for at least 7 yearsMust be a legal resident of the state he or she is elected to represent Powers Reserved to the House To vote on charges of impeachmentTo initiate bills involving the raising of revenue, such as tax bills and the annual appropriations (spending) bills of the annual federal budget House Leadership Speaker of the HouseMajority LeaderLeads the majority party (the party with the majority of votes in the House)Assists the Speaker of the House in making committee appointmentsSchedules floor debate on billsCreates and maintains the House agendaMinority LeaderLeads the opposition party (the party with the minority of votes in the House)Confers with the Majority LeaderFormulates minority party response to the majority party policy and agenda The US Senate Known as the upper house of the legislative branch, the Senate is currently comprised of 100 senators. Each state is allowed to elect two senators. Senators represent all citizens of their states. Senators serve 6-year terms, with one-third of the senators elected every two years. Qualifications As specified in Article I, Section 3 of the Constitution, senators: Must be at least 30 years of ageMust have been a U.S. citizen for at least nine years at the time of their election to the SenateMust be a legal resident of the state they are elected to represent Powers Reserved to the Senate To try officials impeached by the HouseTo confirm presidential nominations, including Supreme Court justices, federal judges, ambassadors and cabinet secretariesTo ratify treaties Senate Leadership The Vice President of the United States: Serves as president (presiding chairman) of the SenatePresident Pro tempore: Presides over the Senate in the absence of the vice president; Is selected by the majority partyMajority and Minority Leaders: Lead their respective party delegations; maintain the Senate agendaMajority and Minority Whips: Attempt to make sure party members vote for bills supported by their party.

Analysis of Financial Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis of Financial Article - Essay Example The author believes that in all cases, fractal structures and non-periodic cycles were found, which accordingly suggests and provides evidence that capital markets have a non-linear system, which thus makes the EMH doubtful. The author begins the article by asserting that logarithms will be applied to analyze data instead of percentages as logarithms can calculate cumulative returns and percentages cannot. Thus, the steps to analyzing R/S for capital markets include first converting prices into logarithms and then applying the suggested equations. Then each capital market instrument and data is analyzed turn by turn to gauge volatility, cycles, and price changes. The author uses Hurst statistics to analyze various capital market instruments and implies at the end of the article that prices are reflections of investors’ concept of ‘fair value†. While some may believe this to be a single value, this can actually be a range of values which is based on information such as the earnings from an investment, the management system, the new products offered, and the economic environment in that area. After fundamental analysis and technical analysis of what other investors believe their counterparts are willing to pay, the price is automatically adjusted to what is perceived as fair price and thus other investors become attracted to the investment and begin to purchase it. A Hurst statistic of more than 0.5 suggests that new information and previous events may affect the future prices of securities while one, which is lower than 0.5 implies the opposite. The author claims that the capital markets have a fractal nature and thus models such as the CAPM, APT, and Black-Scholes model fail. It is mainly due to their simple assumptions and their lack of acknowledging the importance of time when making vital decisions. Hence, the author believes that fractal analysis is a better measure of the reality of capital markets and the outcomes of human decision maki ng. Fractal analysis is a reflection of the reality of life and how messy and complicated results can be. Thus, while it makes mathematics more difficult, it also explains the qualitative aspects of decision making and capital markets. It also gives capital markets a number of air values, cycles, trends, and recognizes the fact that there are innumerous possibilities. Thus, in the author’s point of view, fractal analysis is a better measure of the capital markets rather than the simple models as it accounts for a number of things, which are not accounted for in simple analysis. Hence, even though it is more complicated, the author encourages its use. The important points in the article are as follows: Logarithm returns are a better measure than percentages when calculating changes in price The author suggests that enough data is collected when the natural period of the system is visible and several cycles are available for analysis The first regression analysis is applied to the S&P 500 from 1950 to July 1958 The high value of H suggests the fractal position of the market The stock market results are not in accordance with the efficient market hypothesis The author suggests that market returns are persistent and have a fractal probability distribution The system is non-periodic and reinforces trends According to CAPM, a higher beta stock value is riskier than a lower beta stock value This is due to higher volatility The author suggests that high H values pose less risk and low H values may pose more risk High H values have less noise in the data while lower H values have more noise High H values may change abruptly Portfolio diversification reduces risk Market efficiency can be determined by the level of noise in the

Developing Good Business Sense Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Developing Good Business Sense - Essay Example McDonalds is one of those organizations that are known for continuous development in their systems. Employees at McDonalds are not only involved in manufacturing of food and different aspects of operations management, they are also well-supported by automated system, hi-tech equipments and effective supply chain management system (McDonalds-UK, 2013). A critical analysis of McDonalds’ operations helped in understanding that minimum wastage, customer-oriented approach and environmental considerations are main features that govern the performance of its employees. Hence, effective cold chain, customer services and just-in time delivery by the supplier are the main features of McDonald’s operations that also govern the task performance of its employees. Like McDonalds, KFC is also supported with highly skilled labor and automation in its system. However, there is limited attention paid to materials management in terms of supplier’s selection and waste management. Wh ere McDonalds has strategic alliances to limited suppliers, KFC has a rather extensive pool of suppliers. Yearly assessment of suppliers helps in selection for the next year. Unlike KFC and McDonalds, Amazon chose to identify the top selling items and have a readily available stock of such items. It is important to note that more than warehouse management; Amazon relies on its alliances with suppliers in different regions of the world and courier services. Therefore, employees working with Amazon are more supported with IT-based interventions than the actual manufacturing processes. McDonalds and KFC use flexible operating system when it comes to operations and materials management. They have computer-aided manufacturing programs with human intervention in a supervisory role than direct involvement in production. However, as far as delivery of ready-to-cook items and real-time cooking is concerned, it is performed through their employees. Such practice helps in ensuring that a suita ble quantity of finish product is available to meet the demands of consumers without incurring actual wastages. On the other hand, Amazon focuses on small-batch production when it comes to selection of operations and materials management. The storing capacity of Amazon is rather limited and it focuses on having strategic alliances in different regions for catering customers all around the world instead of having physical facilities across the globe. Only limited items are stored based on their past selling patterns and consumers’ demands. As far as their operations and materials management costs are concerned, McDonalds and KFC incur costs in terms of raw materials purchase, plant management and basic manufacturing, labor, inventory management and distribution (Jones, 2007). All these components are inevitable to incur as these fast food chains cannot outsource manufacturing processes. On the other hand, Amazon incurs costs because of products’ purchase, warehousing an d distribution along with human resource management. Since it does not perform direct manufacturing i.e. publishing, CD burning etc, itself, therefore it purchases ready products from publishers and vendors in different regions and deliver them to customers accordingly. Main source of costs is expected to be warehousing and d

Buyer Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Buyer Behavior - Essay Example Various models of consumer behaviour have been developed over the years. The models reflect the different buying situations in which consumers find themselves. Factors influencing consumer behaviour must be considered as well as similar factors influencing the buying decisions in business to business transactions. An understanding of these factors and how they influence the buying decision are extremely important when putting together a selling strategy. Market research also plays an important part in helping to identify relevant facts about buyer behaviour (consumer or organizational) and provides all kinds of information which forms the basis of strategy formulation. A motive to make a certain purchase is an internal state of the purchase. While consumer behavior is observable, motives are psychological constructs that can only be inferred. Buying motives for consumer products may be classified as economic, emotional, product, and retail patronage. Some of the motives may be rational while others are emotional. To illustrate, economic motives include product durability or economy in use. Emotional motives might include romance, pleasure, or prestige. Product purchase motives might involve ease for making repairs or ease of installation. Patronage motives relate to variety for selection or promptness in delivery. Motives relate to perception. Motives come from the consumer's real self, self-image, ideal self, and looking-glass self. The way consumers envision the situation to themselves helps to shape their reactions or responses to marketers' appeals (Sharon, Boyle, 2004: 343). Consumer goals and needs are constantly changing in response to environmental conditions, interaction with others, and physical conditions. As individuals realize their goals, new objectives may be established. New levels of aspiration may surface. For example, if an individual loses ten pounds of weight another objective to lose an additional fifteen pounds may be established. Moreover, marketers need to be attuned to changing needs and goals. Automobile manufacturers have recognized the consumer's need for prestige or status. This need may be less important as some consumers seek safety or family enjoyment as reasons for purchasing a new car. Since many families own more than one motor vehicle, ownership of a Volvo sedan or station wagon, a pickup truck, and an economical used car for an adolescent might represent diverse needs. The reason consumers choose one brand over another may be vague and unknown to them. Why consumers choose one brand of refrigerator over another may be based on personal experience, an advertisement, a friend's comment, a salesperson's presentation, the location of the retailer for service or some other factor or combination thereof. Brand switching may occur as a result of changing needs, a dissatisfaction with the current brand used, or because a friend, relative, advertising campaign, an article in Consumer Reports, or other influence persuaded that consumer that a better benefit or value can be derived by switching brands. Marketers, by identifying and appealing to consumers' motives, can generate a positive environment for the sale of their products. A study of men depicted

A Literature Review Regarding Virus Protection

A Literature Review Regarding Virus Protection Although most of the people think that there is nothing to do a research in the area of computer virus protection, there are more and more things to research as everyday more than 200 computer malware are created by the virus creators. In the modern world most of the people are using computers in their day-to-day activities. So it is more important to have knowledge of computer viruses and protecting the computers from those viruses. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} Identifying what the computer viruses are, their types, the threat to the computer from computer viruses, the present situation of computer viruses and prevention mechanisms from the computer viruses are the objectives of this literature review. end{abstract} section{Introduction} As the usage of the computers and creation of computer viruses are increasing all over the world, every computer user began to search about the computer viruses. But there are other various kinds of software like worms and Trojans that can do some harm to the activities of the computer other than the viruses. Although they are different from computer viruses, the computer users are used to call those other types of malicious software viruses. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} Though there is no any real definition for the computer viruses, they can be considered as special kind of software programs that have the ability of self replicating over executable files reside in the computer and do some interruption to the activities of the computer. As the computer viruses are spreading only when the executable files are executing, the viruses can effect only for the executable files in the infected computer. So most of the time the files with .EXE , .COM , .BAT , .SYS extensions are infected. A computer virus can be written with a few lines of programming codes in any programming language. Any person who has a personal computer can write a computer virus and send it to another computer or system far away from the computer which produced the virus through a network or any disk. These viruses can destroy any massive computer system or network easily within few seconds. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} Computer viruses which do less harm to the computers are only spreading over the computers and computer networks. They do not do any dangerous harm to the computers other than just replicating them in the system. The most dangerous type of viruses effect to the computers by changing the content of the files, partially of completely deleting the files reside in the computer. The data stored in the computer can be lost by infecting these kinds of computer viruses. These types of computer viruses cannot be catch by examining the files in the computer. But only the destruction they have done to the computer will remain. So capturing these viruses is the more difficult thing. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} Preventing or protecting from computer viruses not only mean installing an anti virus program and scan the files by getting use of the anti virus program but also awareness of the computer viruses or malicious software and practicing best practices when using a computer. But most of the time most of the computer users trust various anti virus programs to protect their systems against computer viruses. Various anti virus programs use various methods or procedures to capture viruses and other types of malicious software. But with any of the computer protection method, they cannot fully protect the computer from computer viruses or malicious software. The next session of this review is considered about what are the types of Malware and how they infected to computer system. cite{1} newpage section{Types of malware} There is no standard method to categorize viruses into various types. But when we consider current situation of computer viruses in the world we can basically declare types of malware as follows, begin{itemize} item Trojan item Worms item Viruses end{itemize} subsection{Trojan} Trojan viruses do not reproduce in the computer but after a Trojan virus enters into the computer they just allow the outside persons to read the files reside in the computer. Usually Trojans steal passwords and send e-mails to hackers. Then the hacker will get the control of the users account. cite{2} subsection{Worms} Worms are kind of computer viruses copy and spread over the computer networks. It does not need a host to spread. Once they multiplied in a computer, the copied viruses scan the network for further multiplying and spreading via the network.cite{2} subsection{Viruses} Computer viruses are a program, a block of executable code which attaches itself to. It overwrites or replaces some code of computer program without knowing of computer user. A virus always needs a host program to reside. The virus is in its idle state till the host program it resides executes. When the host program executes the bock of code of the virus also executes and searches for another location which it can infect. The computer viruses can be categorized into number of categories like Resident Viruses, Direct Action Viruses, Overwrite Viruses, Boot Viruses, Macro Viruses, Directory Viruses, Polymorphic Viruses, File Infectors, Companion Viruses, FAT Viruses. cite{2} begin{itemize} item Resident Viruses Permanent viruses reside in the RAM item Direct Action Viruses This type of virus spreads and does its work when it is executing. item Overwrite Viruses These viruses delete the content of the files reside in the computer. item Boot Viruses This kind of virus infects to a boot sector of the hard drive or floppy. A boot virus can be infected to the boot sector of the computer by booting the computer from an infected floppy disk. item Directory Viruses These viruses change the path of a file. item Polymorphic Viruses These are encrypting their own code with different algorithms every time they enter into a system. item File Infectors Infect programs or executable files. They infect to a file when the program attached to it executes. item Companion Viruses These are working like resident viruses or direct action viruses. item FAT Viruses These infect to the file allocation table. item Macro Viruses This kind of virus infects to the files that have created using programs that contain macros. Currently most of the times they are affecting to Word 6, WordBasic and Excel as macros are created by WordBasic. In the present situation of the computer viruses, 15 percent of the viruses are macro viruses. On daily basis macro viruses are created by the computer users in their machines. New macro viruses are creating due to corruption, mating and conversion. Macro viruses are the most destructive kind of a virus. Most of the traditional anti virus programs are unable to detect those new macro viruses. cite{2} end{itemize} newpage section{How Viruses affect and infect to the system} begin{figure}[h] par includegraphics[bb =0 0 100 325 ]{virus.png} caption{Malware Detected by Year} cite{10} par end{figure} If the virus generation speed is greater than its death rate, a virus can easily spread within a short period of time. Figure1 shows how Malware spread with time. All the computer viruses do not activate at the time they enter into the computer. But sometimes they activate after some period of entering it into the personal computer or computer system. Some of them will never activate and some will activate and do harm to the files in the system or change the content of the files, format the hard disk, show a picture in the background. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} There are lots of ways which a virus can enter into a computer. Most of the time, they spread and enter into a new computer through a computer network. With a removable media, it is possible to spread a virus. By downloading some games or software through a web site, a virus can enter into a new system. In the past there was a guarantee that the web sites do not contain viruses. But in the present situation, there is no guarantee that the web sites do not contain viruses. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} Trapdoor is another common way of entering a virus into a system. Trapdoors are sometimes created by the programmers who developed the software to avoid going through the security procedure or avoid entering passwords during the period of time the system or software is developed. As a trapdoor is a way to enter into a system without entering a password, a virus can easily enter into a system through a trapdoor. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} If have the attention to the new computer viruses, the code of some newly created computer viruses are encrypted so that the anti virus software cannot catch them. cite{3} section{Protection from computer viruses} To spread a virus from one computer to another, it should have the permission or ability to execute its code and do some modifications or completely delete the files other than the file the virus currently residing. According to those facts, protection from computer viruses means prevent the computer virus from copying it self to another location, the computer virus does not contain or avoid modifying or deleting the other files the computer virus does not reside. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} If the content of a file has modified or edited without knowledge of the user, the user can suspect that a virus has been infected to the computer. Other than that when a virus has attacked a system, sometimes the performance of the computer can be reduced, various error messages are displayed or use some storage space from disk drives unexpectedly. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} Worms normally find addresses to spread and they capture the addresses in three ways. Worms begin{itemize} item Randomly generate addresses item Find addresses in system tables item Find addresses in a program end{itemize} Protection against worms can include, begin{itemize} item Put passwords that cannot easily guess. item Remove some processes which reveal the secured data in the system. item Apply some solutions to the bugs. end{itemize} As worms are rapidly spread over networks and they are trying to overload the networks, protecting from worms include monitoring network activities and do isolation and deactivation of some parts of the network. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} When it comes to protecting computers from viruses, the simplest things the user can do is always backup the data reside in the computer. But it is not a proper solution to deal with the computer viruses. As most of the computer users are now aware of the computer viruses they control write privilege to computer programs. After infecting a virus to a program since it changes the content of the file, there are some kind of software that can be used to check the content for irregular changes in its content. cite{4,12} section{Anti virus software programs} When protecting a computer from computer viruses with the help of an anti virus program, the service providers of those anti virus programs are providing their service to its clients in number of different ways. Some of the vendors or anti virus software are waiting for a request from a user for their product. After the client or the user requests, the service provider provides their service to the user. Another kind of anti virus vendor automatically downloads and installs their product into clients machine without the knowledge of the user. Some of the vendors are sending emails to the computer users mentioning the availability of their product. However some of those above mentioned ways have some ethically not relevant procedures. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} Though thousands of anti virus programs, designed by programmers are there to detect computer viruses, they cannot play a perfect role in detecting computer viruses. More viruses are written for a new platform is the reason for that. To detect those new viruses, new detection technologies should be invented. There are number of computer virus detection methods. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} Over some years ago, only the known viruses could be detected by anti virus programs. What those anti virus programs did were, selecting a string from known viruses and when a scan for viruses is started, anti virus program searches for files include that string and detect that file as an infected file. This method of detecting computer viruses looked only for static characteristics of known computer viruses. But as thousands of computer viruses are creating within a year, the industry people started to create anti virus programs that are detecting unknown computer viruses too. These methods are called heuristic method. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} As computer virus infection has become a huge threats to who owns a computer and who uses computers. Most of the computer users are today getting the service of an anti virus program to detect malicious software or computer viruses. Getting use of an anti virus software is the most secured and popular way to protect the computers from malicious software. Anti virus programs identify the malicious software in two main approaches. begin{itemize} item They use a string matching approach to identify previously known viruses or malicious software. item The second method the anti virus programs use is capturing abnormal behaviors of any computer program running on the computer. end{itemize} begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} In string matching approach, the anti virus programs are getting use of a virus dictionary which contains the codes of previously known viruses. When an anti virus program starts to scan a file it refers to the virus dictionary and when it finds a block of code in the scanned file which also included in the virus dictionary, it quickly takes an action against the suspicious file. cite{5} begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} If an anti virus program uses capturing abnormal or suspicious behaviors, it monitors the behavior of the file which is scanning and if the file behaves abnormally the anti virus program detect the file as infected file an take an action against that. By using this method, the new viruses can also be detected. cite{5} subsection{The problem in virus dictionary method} As virus creators are now aware of virus detection methods, they are now writing the viruses so that the codes of the virus as encrypted codes when it is in a program. Otherwise they write the virus programs so that the code of itself doesnt look same as the real code of it. Because of those two reasons, the anti virus program cannot detect the infected file by matching the strings using the virus dictionary. The other problem of this method is it cannot detect a new virus which doesnt contain in the virus dictionary. subsection{The problems of detecting a virus by its behavior} As this method is searching for a suspicious behavior of the file that is being scanning, a files that shows abnormal behavior which has not been attacked by a virus or malicious software can also be detected as an infected file by the anti virus program. If the user gets an action against that file sometimes that non infected file can also be deleted. So modern anti virus programs do not use this approach to detect a virus. There are some fake anti virus software which do not clean or protect the computers. These fake anti virus software come with names which are similar to other real anti virus software. When a user sees such a fake anti virus software the user feels that this ant virus software is a real one and then he install than fake anti virus software into the computer. After installing that fake one in the computer, it displays fake messages saying there are some viruses in the computer and to remove it from the computer pay some amount of money. As these kinds of fake anti virus software are there with only the aim of earning money, the computer users must aware of that kind of fake anti virus software too. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} Although there are so many anti virus software to detect computer viruses, the latest computer viruses cannot easily be caught by even the latest anti virus software programs as the code of virus is encrypted. What the virus creators do to hide the source code of the virus is encrypting the code of the virus and sends it to the computers. So the anti virus software cannot easily understand the code and they cannot catch that file as a suspicious file. Some virus creators encrypt the code and keep the key to decrypt in another file to make it more difficult for the anti virus software to find the virus. But good anti virus software, which have used good algorithms, should be able to detect those computer viruses too. cite{6,7} subsection{Most trusted anti virus software} cite{11} begin{itemize} item BitDefender Antivirus 2010 BitDefender is using advanced heuristic detection method and provides protection against online viruses, spyware,phishing scams and more. This provides protection by scanning web, IM and emails and this is capable of encrypting the IM s too. One of the new features BitDefender looking for is Active Virus Control which monitor the behavior of a file continuously. cite{13} item Kaspersky Anti-Virus 2010 Provides protection from viruses, Trojans, bots, worms and spyware. The interfaces and tools used are advanced but this provides agreat protection against most of the real threats. cite{14} item Webroot AntiVirus with SpySweeper 2010 This is a desktop anti virus package and protect the computer from viruses,trojans,worms and other number of malware. This catches the malware before the malware does any harm to the computer. cite{15} item Norton AntiVirus 2010 Uses signature based protection. However provides a new features like the proactive reputation scanning. But uninstalling the software might cause some problems as its partial uninstallation. cite{16} item ESET Nod32 Antivirus 4 Kind of desktop anti virus software. But this doesnt provide a complete security and misses some protection. This is not in the competition with other anti virus software. cite{17} item AVG Anti-Virus 9 Includes antivirus and antispyware protection. provides complette protection from harmful downloads and web cites. cite{18} item F-Secure Anti-Virus 2010 Great desktop anti virus. Has one of the most effective scan procedure and test results are shown to prove that. When installing this anti virus software, it has been automatically configured to remove the other anti virus software installed to the computer. cite{19} item G DATA AntiVirus 2011 Uses two distinct antivirus scanning engines, behavioral/heuristic protection, and even self-learning fingerprinting.This provides protection against malware spreading via emails and IM. The types of malware which are detected by this anti virus software are,phishing scams, dialers, adware, malicious scripts, Trojans, rootkits and worms. cite{20} end{itemize} section{Getting use of a firewall} The firewall is a kind of a program design to protect the computer from harmful things that are coming from the internet. Firewalls are divided into two categories as hardware firewall and software firewall. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} Hardware firewalls are some kind of small hardware which can control the data coming from multiple computer systems. Software firewalls are kind of software that have the ability to block suspicious data coming to the computer from the internet. So to protect the computer from viruses and other kind of malicious software a software firewall and hardware firewall can be use. cite{5} section{Best practices to protect the computer from computer viruses} Though there are thousands of anti virus software are there, the computer users are also having the responsibility of protecting the computer when using the computer. They have to follow some best practices when they use a computer. begin{itemize} item Although the computer user is the owner of the computer he should not always log into the computer with the administrator privileges. If they log into the computer as a normal user, some kinds of viruses will not be able to enter into the computer. item A computer user should avoid from installing some anti virus software or some other software in some other persons computer. item As some viruses are coming with email attachments, when opening emails it is good to not to open emails from unknown addresses. item When downloading and installing anti virus software, download a recommended anti virus software. end{itemize} newpage section{Conclusion} According to the researchers, each and everyday over 200 computer viruses which can destroy a whole computer system within a few seconds are released by the computer virus creators. The worst thing that result an inflection is loosing data the reside in the computer. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} Most of the time, these kind of destructions happen because of the lack of awareness of the computer users about the computer viruses. To mitigate the risk of infecting a computer virus to a users computer, the main thing we can do is make the computer users aware about the computer viruses, risks of infecting a computer virus and avoiding from computer viruses. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} The people who have an idea about computer viruses most of the time trust anti virus programs. But just installing an anti virus software is not enough to protect the computer from computer viruses. The computer users also have the responsibility to protect the computer from computer viruses. As most of the time the computer viruses can come with the e-mail attachments, the e-mails from unknown addresses should not be opened. When downloading something from a web site the users should use only the trusted web sites and recommended software. But now there are nothing called trusted web sites. Even the software downloaded from Microsofts web site may contain viruses. Some viruses cannot enter into the computer if the user is logging into the computer with user privilege. So it is good to normally log into the computer with the user privilege. As viruses attack only the executable files, the write permission to those files can be restricted. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} After installing an anti virus software program in a computer,to get the best protection from that anti virus, keeping it up to date is more important. But though there is an anti virus program installed in the computer, when plugging external removable devices into the computer, it should be scanned. begin{sloppypar} end{sloppypar} But the final conclusion which can come through this review is that though there are many protection methods,that are available in the world, a computer user cannot be completely safe from the computer viruses. That means any of the computer protection methods is not perfect in protecting computers from computer malware. newpage begin{thebibliography}{widest entry} bibitem{1} Markus Hanhisalo,emph{computer Viruses},Available at:http://www.tml.tkk.fi/Opinnot/Tik-110.501/1997/viruses.html# 1.Introduction% 20to% 20Computer% 20Viruses bibitem{2} Top Bits,2010, {http://www.topbits.com/types-of-computer-viruses.html} bibitem{3} McAfee,emph{An Introduction to Computer Viruses and other Destructive Programs},Available at: http://www.mcafee.com/common/media/vil/pdf/av_white.pdf bibitem{4} Stanley A. Kurzban, emph{Defending against viruses and worms},Available at:http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=68697 bibitem{5} emph{How AntiVirus Works},Available at:http://www.antivirusware.com/articles/how-anti-virus-works.htm bibitem{6} emph{How does anti-virus software work?},Available at:http://www.antivirusworld.com/articles/antivirus.php bibitem{7} emph{How Antivirus Software Detect Computer Viruses},Available at:http://security-antivirus-software.suite101.com/article.cfm/how-antivirus-software-dete bibitem{8} emph{What Is A Computer Virus? An Introduction To Computer Viruses},Available at:http://www.computertipsfree.com/computer-tips/security-tips/what-is-a-computer-virus-an-introduction-to-computer-viruses/ bibitem{9} http://www.washington.edu/itconnect/security/tools/ bibitem{10} Tech Bitz, http://tech-bitz.com/2008/04/05/virus-and-spyware-threat-is-larger-than-ever-before-anti-virus-companies-struggle-to-keep-up-with-flood-of-spyware/ bibitem{11} emph{AntiVirus Software Review },http://anti-virus-software-review.toptenreviews.com/ bibitem{12} Charles P. Pfleeger,Shari Lawrence Pfleeger emph{Security in Computing (4th Edition) } bibitem{13} emph{BitDefender AntiVirus Review },http://anti-virus-software-review.toptenreviews.com/bitdefender-review.html bibitem{14} emph{Kaspersky Anti-Virus 2010 },http://anti-virus-software-review.toptenreviews.com/kaspersky-review.html bibitem{15} emph{Webroot AntiVirus with SpySweeper Review },http://anti-virus-software-review.toptenreviews.com/webroot-antivirus-review.html bibitem{16} emph{Norton AntiVirus 2010 },http://anti-virus-software-review.toptenreviews.com/norton-review.html bibitem{17} emph{Trend Micro AntiVirus + AntiSpyware },http://anti-virus-software-review.toptenreviews.com/pc-cillin-review.html bibitem{18} emph{AVG Anti-Virus 9 },http://anti-virus-software-review.toptenreviews.com/avg-review.html bibitem{19} emph{F-Secure Anti-Virus Review },http://anti-virus-software-review.toptenreviews.com/f-secure-review.html bibitem{20} emph{G DATA AntiVirus 2011 },http://anti-virus-software-review.toptenreviews.com/antiviruskit-review.html end{thebibliography} end{document}